BIOFUEL

Biofuel

Biofuel or biofuel is any fuel whether solid, liquid or gas produced from organic materials. Biofuel can be produced directly from plants or indirectly from industrial waste, commercial, domestic or agricultural. There are three ways to manufacture biofuels: the burning of dry organic wastes (such as household waste, industrial waste and agricultural); fermentation of wet wastes (such as animal waste) without oxygen to produce biogas (containing up to 60 percent methane), or the fermentation of sugar cane or corn to produce alcohol and esters; and energy from the forest (wood produced from fast growing plants as a fuel).

Fermentation process produces two types of biofuels: alcohols and esters. These materials can theoretically be used to replace fossil fuels because it is sometimes necessary but major changes in the engine, biofuels are blended with fossil fuels. The EU plan is 5.75 percent of ethanol produced from corn, beets, potatoes or corn added on fossil fuels by 2010 and 20 percent in 2020. About a quarter of a transportation fuel in Brazil in 2002 is ethanol.

Biofuel offers the possibility of producing energy without increasing carbon levels in the atmosphere due to various plants used to produce biofuels reduce carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, unlike fossil fuels which return carbon stored below ground for millions of years into the air. With so much biofuel is carbon neutral and slightly increase the concentration of gas-greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (although doubts whether this benefit can be achieved in practice). The use of biofuels also reduces dependence on oil and improve energy security. [1]

There are two general strategies for producing biofuels. The first strategy is to grow plants that contain sugar (sugar cane, sugar beet and sweet sorghum [2]) or the plant containing starch / polysaccharide (corn), and then use yeast fermentation to produce ethyl alcohol. The second strategy is to plant different crops that levels of vegetable oil / high nabatinya such as palm oil, soybean, algae, or jathropa. When heated, the keviskositasan vegetable oil will be reduced and can be burned directly in diesel engines, or vegetable oil can be chemically processed to produce fuels such as biodiesel. Wood and side products can be converted into biofuels such as wood gas, methanol or ethanol fuel.

bio energy from waste

The use of waste biomass to produce energy can reduce the various problems of pollution and waste management, reduced use of fossil fuels, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The European Union has published a report highlighting the potential for bio-energy from waste to contribute to the reduction of global warming. The report concludes that in the year 2020 19 million tons of oil are available from biomass, 46% from bio waste: municipal solid waste, agricultural residues, livestock waste, and waste stream terbiodegradasi others. [3] [4]

End shelters a number of gas producing waste because the waste buried in them experiencing anaerobic digestion. Collectively these gases is known as landfill gas (LFG) or gas waste landfills. Landfill gas can be burned directly to produce heat or generate electricity for public consumption. Landfill gas contains approximately 50% methane, a gas that is also present in natural gas.

Biomass can come from waste plant material. Gas from the shelter of human and animal waste that enters the atmosphere is undesirable because methane is a greenhouse gas global warming potential than carbon dioxide. [5] [6] Frank Keppler and Thomas Rockmann found that living plants also produce methane CH4.
Liquid fuels for transport

Most of the transportation fuel as a liquid, for various vehicles usually require high energy density. Vehicles usually require high power density that can be provided by internal combustion engines. These machines require the combustion of fuel to maintain a clean engine clean and minimize air pollution. Fuel burn more cleanly easily used as a liquid and gas. With so liquids (and gases that can be stored in liquid form) meet the requirements of portable combustion and clean. Also liquid and gas can be pumped, which means easier handling mechanized, and thus does not require much effort.

Biofuel first generation

The first-generation biofuels refer to biofuels made from sugar, starch, vegetable oils or animal fats using conventional technology. [7]

The first-generation biofuels are generally listed as follows.
Addons vegetable oil

Vegetable oil as fuel

Vegetable oil can be used as food or fuel; the quality of the oil could be lower for fuel use. Vegetable oils can be used in older diesel engines (equipped with indirect injection systems, but only in warm climates. In many cases, vegetable oil can be used to produce biodiesel, which can be used most diesel engines when blended with conventional diesel Bakara materials . MAN B & W Diesel, Wartsila and Deutz AG offer engines that can be used directly with vegetable oil. discarded vegetable oil processed into biodiesel has increased, and small-scale, cleaned of water and particles and used as fuel.

Biodiesel


Biodiesel



Biodiesel is a fuel mixture consisting of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids, which are used as alternative fuel and diesel engines made from renewable sources such as vegetable oils or animal fats.

A lipid transesterification process of used to convert the base oil into the desired esters and remove free fatty acids. After going through this process, unlike the straight vegetable oil, biodiesel has combustion properties similar to diesel (diesel) from oil, and can replace it in many cases. However, he is more often used as an additive to petroleum diesel, improving fuel petrol diesel ultra pure low-low sulfur oil.

Biodiesel is the closest candidate to replace fossil fuels as a primary transportation energy source of the world, because biodiesel is a new fuel that can replace petrol in diesel engines today and can be transported and sold using today's infrastructure.

The use and production of biodiesel is increasing rapidly, especially in Europe, the United States, and Asia, although the market is still a small proportion of fuel sales. Growth makes more and more gas stations providing biodiesel to consumers and also the growth of vehicles using biodiesel as fuel.

Making biodiesel

On a small scale can be done with material 1 liter of cooking oil new or used. Methanol as much as 200 ml or 0.2 liters. Caustic soda or NaOH to 3.5 grams of clean cooking oil, used oil is required if 4.5 grams or maybe more. This excess is needed to neutralize free fatty acids or FFA a lot of the cooking oil used. KOH can also use prices but have a more expensive and required 1.4 times more than soda. The process of making; soda dissolved in methanol fire and then incorporated into heating oil about 55 oC, stirred rapidly for 15-20 minutes and then left overnight in a cold state. Biodiesel will be available at the top with a clear yellowish color and slightly lower mix of soap from FFA, the remaining unreacted methanol and about 79 ml glyserin. Biodiesel which is a yellowish liquid at the top separated easily by pouring and removing the bottom of the liquid. For large-scale bottom product can be purified to obtain the expensive glycerin, soap and the rest is unreacted methanol.


used oil contains free fatty acids

When the oil used to fry event of oxidation, hydrolysis of the oil molecules break down into acids. This process is getting bigger with the high heating and a long time during the frying of food. The existence of free fatty acids in cooking oil is not good to health. FFA can also be esters when reacted with methanol, was if soda will react with soap mebentuk. Items must be purified from biodiesel byproduct, glycerine, soap and soda remaining methanol. Time of soda can have on henghidrolisa biodiesel and biodiesel break into FFA is then dissolved in the biodiesel itself. Content of FFA in biodiesel is not good because it can clog the filter or sieve with deposition and corrosion on the metal becomes diesel engine.


Biodiesel is the most common biofuel in Europe. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is a fluid similar in composition to mineral diesel. Chemical name is fatty acid methyl (or ethyl) ester (FAME). Oil mixed with sodium hydroxide and methanol (or ethanol_ and chemical reaction produces biodiesel (FAME) and glycerol. 1 part glycerol is produced for every 10 parts biodiesel.

Biodiesel can be used in any diesel engine when mixed with mineral diesel. In some countries manufacturers warranty for the use of 100% biodiesel. Most vehicle manufacturers limit their recommendations for the use of as many as 15% biodiesel blended with mineral diesel. In most European countries, a mixture of 5% biodiesel is used widely and is available at many gas stations. [8] [9]

In the U.S., more than 80% of commercial trucks and city buses operate using diesel. Therefore, the use of U.S. biodiesel is growing rapidly from about 25 million gallons per year in 2004 to 78 million gallons in early 2005. At the end of 2006, biodiesel production is expected to increase four-fold to 1 billion gallons. [3]

Bioalkohol

Alcohol fuel

Alcohol produced secarai biology, which generally is ethanol, and the less common is the propane and butanol, produced by the action of microorganisms and enzymes through fermentation of sugar or starch, or cellulose. Biobutanol is often regarded as a direct replacement for gasoline, because it can be used directly in gasoline engines.

Butanol Fermentation formed from the ABE (acetone, butanol, ethanol) and experimental modifications of the process shows the potential of producing high energy with butanol as the liquid product. Butanol can produce more energy and can burn a "live" in a gasoline engine that already exists (with no engine modifications). [10] And more does not cause corrosion and can be mixed with less water than ethanol, and can be distributed through existing infrastructure . Dupont and BP are working together to produce butanol.

Ethanol fuel is the most common biofuel in the world, especially ethanol fuel in Brazil. Alcohol fuel produced by fermentation of sugars derived from wheat, maize, sugar beet, sugar cane, molasses and sugar or starch that alcoholic beverages can be made (such as potatoes and remaining fruit, etc.). Production of ethanol using enzyme digestion to produce sugars from starch, sugar fermentation, distillation and drying. This process requires a lot of energy for heating (often using natural gas).

Selulosik ethanol production using non-food crops or waste products that can not consumed, which does not result in impacts on the food cycle.

Producing ethanol from cellulose is an additional step, which is difficult and expensive and are still waiting for the completion of technical problems. Cattle that eat the grass and use a slow digestive process to break it down into glucose (sugar). Selulosik ethanol in the laboratory, many experimental processes underway to do the same thing, and using it to make ethanol fuel.

Some scientists have expressed a sense of concern for genetic testing of recombinant DNA techniques are trying to develop enzymes that can break down wood faster than nature, these microscopic creatures can not accidentally released into nature, growing exponentially, spread by wind, and eventually cause structural damage whole plant, which can end the production of oxygen released by photosynthetic processes of plants.

Ethanol can be used in gasoline engines instead of gasoline; Ethanol can be blended with gasoline by a certain percentage. Most gasoline engines can operate using a mixture of ethanol and 15% with gasoline. Gasoline with ethanol has a number higher octane, which means the engine can burn hotter and more efficiently.

Ethanol fuel has a lower BTU, which means requiring more fuel to travel the same distance. In the high-compression engines, the fuel required with a bit of a slow-burning ethanol and to prevent pre-ignisi the damage (knocking).

Ethanol is highly corrosive to combustion systems, hoses and rubber gaskets, aluminum, and the combustion chamber. Therefore the use of fuel containing alcohol is illegal when the plane. To a mixture of high concentration ethanol or 100%, the engine needs to be modified.

Ethanol is not corrosive to mislead piped gas, therefore, required truck stainless-steel tank is more expensive, increasing costs and energy consumption required to deliver ethanol to the consumer.

Many vehicle manufacturers now produce flexible fuel vehicles, which can operate with a combination of bioethanol and petrol, up to 100% bioethanol.

Alcohol can be mixed with gasoline and water, so ethanol fuels can be mixed after the cleaning process by absorbing moisture from the atmosphere. Water in fuel ethanol can reduce efficiency, causing the engine is turned on hard, causing operational disruption, and oxidizes aluminum (carburetors and rust on metal components).

Biogas
Biogas is gas produced by the Fermentation of organic materials, including human and animal waste, household waste and organic waste anaerobically. Biogas can be used as fuel and can also generate electricity. There are several reasons why biogas is the best alternative fuels, including biogas to produce environmentally friendly fuels, biogas has the energy content in large numbers, and waste biogas can be used as fertilizer.
Biogas is produced environmentally friendly fuel. Biogas is made from natural materials, such as human and animal faeces, and other organic wastes. Carbon-carbon in biogas was drawn from the atmosphere by photosynthesis of plants, so that when released back into the atmosphere will not increase the amount of carbon in the atmosphere when compared with fossil fuels. Biogas is also not produce waste that can pollute the environment. Methane gas in the biogas can burn completely. In contrast, methane gas in fossil fuel can not burn completely and will harm the environment. As we know, methane gas, including the greenhouse gases that can cause global warming (global warming). So the use of biogas can prevent the risk of global warming.
Biogas has a high energy content of not less than the energy content of fossil fuels. Calorific value of 1 m3 of biogas is about 6000 watt hours, equivalent to half a liter of diesel oil. Therefore very suitable biogas to replace kerosene, LPG, butane, coal and other fossil fuels. Biogas contains 75% methane. The higher the methane content in the fuel, the greater the heat generated. Therefore, biogas has the same characteristics of natural gas. So if properly processed biogas, biogas can be used to replace natural gas. Thus the amount of natural gas could be saved.
Waste biogas can be used as fertilizer. Waste biogas, namely manure that has been lost gas (slurry) is an organic fertilizer which is rich in elements that are needed plants. In fact, certain elements such as proteins, cellulose, and lignin can not be replaced by chemical fertilizers. Thus we can also reduce the budget to buy fertilizer.
Of these reasons can be concluded that biogas is the best alternative fuel, particularly for rural communities that have a farm. The author hopes that after my friends read my essay, my friends can start using biogas technology as an alternative energy source in their respective regions.

BIOGAS HISTORY
History of Anaerobic Digestion discovery process to produce biogas spread in continental Europe. The discovery of gas Volta scientists issued in the swamps occurred in 1770, several decades later, Avogadro identified about methane gas. After the year 1875 confirmed that biogas is a product of Anaerobic Digestion process. 1884 Pasteour doing research on animal waste biogas use. Era of research form the basis for Pasteour biogas research to date.


Biogas, Alternative Energy Sources
Scarcity of fuel oil, which is caused by the increase in world oil prices are significant, has prompted the government to invite the community to overcome the energy problem together (Kompas, June 23, 2005).
The increase in prices reached 58 U.S. dollars including extraordinary because usually occurs during winter in countries that have four seasons in Europe and the United States. This problem is complicated as it is said President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in a meeting with the Governors in Pontianak, West Kalimantan, dated June 22, 2005, and calls on people to save energy throughout the country.
These savings we really should have moved long ago because the supply of fuel derived from petroleum is a fossil energy source that can not be updated (unrenewable), while demand continued to rise, so did the price, so there is no stability in supply and demand balance. One way to save fuel oil (BBM) is seeking alternative energy sources that can be updated (renewable).
Fuel requirements for low-income residents and the poor, especially in the countryside, mostly filled with kerosene which was perceived as affordable Subsidized by the government. But because it is used for industrial or other businesses, occasional shortages of kerosene supplies in the market. Besides those who live near forests to fetch firewood, either from dry twigs and often also cutting down trees in the forest is forbidden to cut down, so eventually threaten the sustainability of natural forests in the surrounding area.
Actually, an alternative energy source is available. For example, solar energy in the dry season or dry season, wind energy and water. Hydro power is the most widely used in the form of hydroelectric (hydro), but for other energy sources do not appear significantly.
Other renewable energy can be generated with the appropriate technology is Relatively simple and suitable for rural areas is biogas energy with bio-waste processing or bio-mass in an airtight device called a digester. Biomass waste can be a form of manure and even human faeces, the remains of crops such as straw, husks and leaves sortiran vegetables and so on. However, consist largely of cattle dung.


Biogas Conversion
Organic waste (including food scraps) can be converted into electricity by using waste conversion technology into methane gas (combustible gas), and then into electricity is called biogas. While organic waste in the form of biomass can be converted into electricity by way of direct combustion, known as PLTSa (Garbage Power Plant).
Biogas technology is not new technology. This technology has been used extensively by farmers farmers in various countries, including India, China, and even Danish. Simple biogas technology developed in Indonesia focus on small-scale application / medium that can be Utilized agricultural community who have cattle from 2 to 20 tails.
There are three groups of bacteria that play a role in the formation of biogas, namely:
1. Fermentative bacteria groups: Steptococci, Bacteriodes, and some types Enterobactericeae
2. Group asetogenik bacteria: Desulfovibrio
3. Methane bacteria groups: Mathanobacterium, Mathanobacillus, Methanosacaria, and Methanococcus
Methanogen bacteria naturally be obtained from various sources such as clean water, sea water sediment, Cows, goats, mud (sludge) or anaerobic waste landfills (end disposal place).


with biogas produced from anaerobic digestion process of organic materials by anaerobe. Biogas can be produced through the remaining materials that can decompose or use of energy crops fed into anaerobic digestive to increase gas produced. Byproduct, digestate, can be used as bio fuel or fertilizer.

Biogas contains methane and can be obtained from the anaerobic digester industry and mechanical biological management system. Gas is a kind of garbage that is not clean biogas produced in the pile of garbage by anaerobic digestion occurs naturally. When these gases escape into the atmosphere, these gases are greenhouse gases.


Biofuel solid

Examples include wood, charcoal, and dry manur.
Syngas
gasification

Syngas is produced by a combination of Pyrolysis process, kombusi, and gasification. Bio fuel is converted to carbon monoxide and energy through Pyrolysis. Limited oxygen input is given to support kombusi. Gasification of organic material changed into hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

The resulting gas mixture, syngas, is fuel.

Biofuel second generation

Supporters of biofuels claim to have had a better solution to enhance political and industrial support for, and acceleration, second-generation biofuel implementation from a number of plants that are not used for human and animal consumption, including cellulosic biofuels. [12] The second-generation biofuel production can use a variety of plants that are not used for human consumption and animal waste biomass such as is, stem / stalk of wheat, corn, wood, and a variety of biomass or energy crops that special (eg Miscanthus). Second-generation biofuel (2G) using biomass to liquid technology, including cellulosic biofuels from crops not used for human and animal consumption. [13] Much of the second-generation biofuels are being developed as biohidrogen, biometanol, DMF, Bio-DME, Fischer-Tropsch diesel, diesel biohydrogen, alcohol mixture and wood diesel. Cellulosic ethanol production uses a variety of plants that are not used for human and animal consumption or waste products that can not be eaten. Producing ethanol from cellulose is a difficult technical problem to be solved. Various ruminant livestock (like cows) eat grass and then use a process related to the digestive enzymes that are slow to describe it to glucose (sugar). In the labolatorium cellulosic ethanol, a variety of experimental processes are being developed to do the same thing, then the resulting sugars can be fermented to fuel ethanol. Scientists also are experimenting with a number of genetically engineered organisms reunification of DNA that could increase the potential for biofuel.

Harmful viruses
The virus is called the science of Virology. Virus (Latin) = poison. Almost all the viruses can cause disease in other organisms. Currently the virus is a creature that most small size. The virus can only be seen by electron microscopy and escape from the filter bacteria (bacteria filter).
Tracing HISTORY
D. Iwanowsky (1892) and M. Beyerinck (1899) is a scientist who discovered the virus, when they examine the mosaic disease of tobacco leaves.
Then W.M. Stanley (1935) an American scientist, had crystallized the virus that causes tobacco mosaic disease (virus TVM).
BODY STRUCTURE
His body still has not be called a cell, only the sheath is composed of proteins on the outside and nucleic acids (ARN & Eden) on the inside. Based on the nucleic acid contained in the virus, we know the virus and the virus ARN Eden. The virus can only reproduce (replicate) in a medium that life (the embryo, animal tissue, plant tissue). The materials required to form parts of new viruses, derived from the cytoplasm of infected cells.
VARIOUS VIRUSES THAT Harm
1. In Bacteria:
1. Bakteriofage.
2. In Plant:
1. Virus TMV (Tabacco Mosaic Virus) causes mosaic in the leaves
tobacco.
2. Virus Tungro: cause runt disease in rice. Virus transmission
with intermediaries brown plant hopper plant hopper and green.
3. Virus CVPD (Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration) plants attacked
orange
3. In Animals:
1. NCD virus (New Castle Disease) that cause disease in tetelo
chickens and ducks.
4. Human:
1. Hepatitis virus, the cause of hepatitis (liver inflammation), the most
dangerous is the virus Hepatitis B.
2. Rabies virus>> cause of rabies
3. Polio virus>> the cause of polio
4. Variola virus and Varicella>> cause of the fire smallpox and chickenpox
5. Influenza viruses>> cause of influenza
6. Dengue virus>> the cause of dengue fever
7. HIV virus>> that causes AIDS
How to prevent viral diseases carried by vaccination measures. The first vaccine invented by humans is the smallpox vaccine, discovered by Edward Jenner (1789), whereas oral vaccination was discovered by Jonas Salk (1952) in tackling the causes of polio. Humans are naturally able to make anti-viral substances in the body, called interferon, human yet still be ill from a virus infection, because the speed of viral replication can not be balanced by the rate of interferon synthesis.
Human harmful viruses:
Influenza
HIV, causes AIDS
Dangue, causing Dengue Fever
Hepatitis A & B, causes Ebola
Herpes
Bird Flu
Measles
Chickenpox
Polio
Mumps
SARS
Rabies
Animals harmful viruses:
Polyoma: menyebablan tumors in animals
H5N1: Avian flu causes
NCD: Tatelo in chickens causes
FMD: causes a disease of the foot and mouth in animals

Harmful plant viruses
TMV: yellow spots on leaves of tobacco
CPVD: The disease that attacks the blood vessels in plants orange filter
PMV: Disease yellow spots on leaves of potato
TYMV: The disease that causes leaves to roll the tobacco plants, cotton and radish
Begomovirus: Jaundice in chile peppers and tomatoes

Harmful bacteria
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the cause of disease Gonorhoe (GO) or gonorrhea
Salmonella typhi, causes typhoid fever illness. Diplococcus pneumoniae -> pneumonia
Neisseria gonorrhoe -> gonorrhoe
Staphylococcus ---> ulcers
salmonella thyposa -> thypus
mycobacterium tubercolosa -> tbc
Clostridium tetani -> Tetanus
corinebacterium diphteriae -> diphtheria
mycobacterium leprae -> leprosy
Pasteurella pestis -> pes
shigella disentriae -> dysentery
Vibrio cholera -> cholera
Vibrio fetus -> natural abortion in sheep
Treponema pallidum -> syphilis
Vibrio parahemolyticus -> gastroenteritis

Bacteria destroyers food:
1. Clostridium botulinum, produces toxins botulinin, often found in canned foods
2. Pseudomonas cocovenenans, Bongkrek acid, found in tempeh Bongkrek
3. Leuconostoc mesenteroides, the causes of food pelendiran

Bacteria that cause disease in humans:
1. Salmonella typhosa = Typhoid
2. Dysentery Shigella dysenteriae = basiler
3. Vibrio comma = Cholera
4. Haemophilus influenza = Influenza
5. Diplococcus pneumoniae = Pneumonia
6. Mycobacterium tuberculosis = TB lung
7. Clostridium tetani = Tetanus
8. = Neiseria meningitis Meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain)
9. Gonorrhaeae = Neiseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea)
10. Treponema pallidum = Lues or syphilis or syphilis
11. = Lepra Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy)
12. Treponema pertenue = Puru or yaws

Bacteria that cause disease in animals:
1. Brucella abortion = Brucellosis in cattle
2. Streptococcus agalactia = mastitis in Cows
3. Anthrax Bacillus anthracis =
4. Actinomyces bovis = lump jaw in cattle
5. = Cytophaga columnaris disease in fish
Bacteria that cause disease in plants:
1. Xanthomonas oryzae = Attacking shoots of rice stem
2. Xanthomonas campestris = Attacking cabbage plants
3. Pseudomonas solanacaerum = wilt disease in eggplant family-terungan
4. Erwinia amylovora = Disease bruised the fruit